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The Attitudinal Component of Variation in American English Foreign (a) Nativization

McGill University

When foreign words spelled with <a> (e. g., llama, Mazda, pasta, spa, tobacco) are phonologically nativized in modern English, the foreign vowel [a] is variably realized as one of two English phonemes: short /æ/ (as in fat) or long/a:/(as in father). This is the linguistic variable "foreign (a)." British and American English show different nativization patterns. Whereas British nativization operates on phonological principles with /æ/ as a default nativization, American English shows a tendency toward nativization with /a:/ that cannot be explained entirely in phonological terms. This article reports the results of a study of 59 American undergraduate students that investigates the role of attitudinal factors in the choice of /æ/ or /a:/ in American nativization. The results show that /a:/is evaluated by Americans as more correct, educated, and sophisticated than /æ/ as a nativization of foreign (a). Both social and phonetic explanations for this evaluation are suggested.

Journal of Language and Social Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 1, 49-61 (1999)
DOI: 10.1177/0261927X99018001004


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